Our analysis revealed fertilizer use and the N-associated emissions as hot spots for greenhouse gas emissions from kiwifruit orchards. The choice of functional unit, namely land area and 1 kg of produce, did not affect the overall result. The carbon footprints for the two kiwifruit cultivars and management systems were comparable. In our subsequent sustainability analysis, we defined eco-efficiency on an area basis as NZD net profit per kg greenhouse gas emissions (1 NZD = 0.83 USD, ). We restricted the assessment of the orchards' environmental performance to greenhouse gas emissions and calculated the carbon footprint of the orchard phase. Actinidia chinensis 'Hort16A' (gold)) and orchard management systems (integrated v. We conducted a survey of 40 kiwifruit orchards with different cultivars (Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' (green) v. Our objective was to identify a sustainable kiwifruit production system in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, by considering the environmental and economic performance of different production systems. A sustainable orchard also has to be profitable and socially responsible in the longer term. Assessing the sustainability of orchards generally focuses on quantifying environmental impacts and resource consumption.
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